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Gilsonite is a registered trademark of natural asphalt found only in the Uintah Basin, Utah; The unbranded mineral name is uintaite or uintahite. It is mined in underground shafts and resembles shiny black obsidian. It was discovered in the 1860s and first marketed twenty-five years later by Samuel H. Gilson as a lacquer, electrical insulator, and waterproofing compound. By 1888, Gilson had formed a company to mine this mine, but soon discovered he had found the vein in the Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation. Under great political pressure, Congress removed nearly 7,000 acres from the reservation on May 24, 1888, to allow mining to continue legally. Gilsonite mining became the first major trading establishment in the Uintah Basin, causing much of the early population growth. This unique mineral is used in more than 160 products, primarily dark printing inks and paints,asiagilsonite oil well drilling muds and cements, asphalt modifiers, foundry sand additives and a wide variety of chemical products. The trademark registered in 1921 is owned by the American Gilsonite Company.

PAVEMENT BASE: Under the leveling surface, in cuts or fills, the pavement
It is the layer that continues to a depth (25-85 cm) that can affect the bearing capacity.
The CBR (California Bearing Ratio) value of the base determines the thickness of the pavement layers.
is one of the most important factors.
3
GRADE SURFACE:gilsonite The road superstructure and the infrastructure on which the shoulders sit is the upper part of the ground.
is the surface.
SUBSTITUTE: A specific device placed on the base to carry the foundation layer.
It is a superstructure layer composed of material with physical properties.
FOUNDATION: A specific physical structure built on a subbase of a calculated thickness.
such as providing good drainage, reducing the effect of frost,gilsonite created with material with
asiagilsonite It is a superstructure layer with functions.
The main task of the foundation and sub-base is to distribute the loads applied to the surface within itself and
in this way, it is to prevent the formation of shear and settlement deformations on the base.
Three different foundation types are used on highways.
- Granular Base (GT)
- Plant-mix Basic (PMT)
- Cement Bonded Granular Base (ÇBGT)
COATING LAYER:gilsonite It is the top layer of the superstructure and generally;
-asphalt concrete (AB) or
-It is built as a surface coating.
Its main function is to carry traffic loads (for EU) to slip (with sufficient roughness), to
resisting the decomposing effects of erosion and climatic conditions, travel comfort and water
to provide insulation.
2-NAME OF BITUMINOUS COATINGS
Bituminous coatings depend on the purpose of use,gilsonite the traffic load of the road and the production methods.
are of many different types.
Bituminous coatings in general;
-Mixture type coatings (Bitumen Mixtures)
-Surface coatings
are divided into two classes. Apart from this classification,asiagilsonite depending on the type of asphalt used;
-cold coatings
-Hot coatings
can be divided into two classes. Liquid petroleum asphalts as a bituminous binder in cold pavements
or emulsion asphalts are used. It is heated up to 140o C-1700 C from hot coatings.
bituminous binders (bitumen, modified bitumen) are used.
Rhodium mix, used as a maintenance and repair material, is a cold mix and is on the road.
It is also possible to produce cold mixes in the plant.
2.1. Naming Bituminous Mixtures According to Gradation
Hot mix pavements depend on aggregate gradation and intended use in the mix.
aspect;
-Open Graded Mixtures,
-Discrete Gradation Mixtures,
-Intensive Gradation Mixtures,
-Mortar Type Mixtures, can be classified as.
In open-graded mixtures, the fine aggregate ratio is very low and the void percentage is high.

In batch-graded mixtures, the material is in excess between certain sieves, certain sieves
very little or no ranges.gilsonite Such mixtures form a rough surface.
Aggregate gradation in densely graded mixtures is designed to give low voids.
shows continuity. Surface roughness is low.
Fine material ratio is high in mortar type mixtures and coarse material is fine material-bitumen.
dispersed in the mixture. In these mixtures,asiagilsonite the void ratio is low and the roughness is low.gilsonite concrete and
Mastic asphalt is an example of such coatings that can be used on steel bridges.
can be given.
2.2. According to Gradation of Aggregates Used in Bituminous Coatings
Naming

MINERAL AGGREGATE: Sand, crushed gravel, unbroken gravel, crushed stone, slag,
hard and durable used in the construction of concrete, bituminous pavement,gilsonite foundation and sub-base, such as stone dust
Natural mineral compounds are called mineral aggregates.
COARSE AGGREGATE: Residue of aggregate mixtures on No.4 (4.75mm) sieve
is the part.
FINE AGGREGATE: No.4-No.200(4.75-0.075mm) sieves of aggregate mixtures
the remaining part.
MINERAL ELEMENTS: It is the aggregate, of which at least 65% passes the No.200 (0.075 mm) sieve.
GRADATION: The sizes of the aggregate particles in the aggregate mixtures are taken into account.
The grain size distribution,gilsonite expressed as a percentage of the total weight, is called gradation.
INTENSIVE (GOOD) GRADATION AGGREGATE: When used in bituminous mixtures
containing sufficient grain of all sizes from coarse to filament, giving low voids and high stability.
are aggregates.
DISCRETE GRADATION AGGREGATE: There is no or nothing to the intermediate size aggregate in its gradation.
They are aggregate mixtures containing very little.
OPEN GRADED AGGREGATE: Not containing elephants or fine grains, or
They are aggregate mixtures containing very little.
ONE-DIMENSIONAL (UNIFORM) AGGREGATE: Most of the particles are approximately the same size.
aggregate mixtures.
3. AGGREGATE USED IN BITUMINOUS COATINGS
3.1Aggregate Properties
In the selection of aggregates to be used in bituminous coatings, the manufacturability of the material,
cost and quality are taken into account.gilsonite Whether the aggregate is suitable or not, the following physical
determined by its characteristics.
- Maximum Grain Size and Gradation: Maximum grain size and gradation
It is determined by the layer to be used.
- Whether it is clean: Aggregates, plant wastes, soft materials, clay lumps
and should not contain foreign matter.
- Particle Shape: The shape of the aggregate affects the workability, compressibility and stability.
It is preferred to use angular, broken grains.

3.2.2. LOS ANGELES WEAR TEST (ASTM C131, AASHTO T96, TS EN 1097-2)
Los Angeles Abrasion test, in aggregate grains with impact and abrasion effect.
It detects the wear that occurs.
In this experiment, coarse aggregates with a grain size of less than 75 mm were determined by Los Angeles wear.
It has resistance to abrasion with the machine.
In the experiment, the machine,asiagilsonite which is in the form of a hollow cylinder with both ends closed, is filled with aggregates.
By putting metal abrasive spheres together, the machine is running at a certain speed, at a certain speed.
is run. As a result, the test results of the abraded material as a result of falling on the metal spheres.
The percent by weight, according to the material taken at the beginning, is given as the wear loss.
3.2.3 WEATHER RESISTANCE TEST (FROSTING TEST)
(AASHTO T104, TS EN 1367-1)
This test shows the freezing and thawing of aggregates under the influence of air for a long time.
It is an accelerated test used to measure resistance against in experiment
Na2SO4 and MgSO4 solutions can be used. The test is for the aggregate above 4.75 mm.
It is applied as the freeze-thaw period and the percentage of loss occurred at the end of these processes.
is calculated. The effect on the aggregate is approximately 500 freezing and thawing in nature.
corresponds to the event.
3.2.4 FLATNESS INDEX EXPERIMENT (BS 812)
Flat aggregates with a thickness less than 0.6 of its nominal size
It is a method based on identification. The flatness index of the aggregate samples
the weight of the flat grains separated using a stencil with apertures, the total sample
expressed as a percentage of its weight.
8
3.2.5 POLISHING TEST (TS EN 1097-8)
This test determines to what extent the aggregate is abraded by friction under traffic.
It is done to determine whether it will be polished. Conditions similar to road surface in the laboratory
The polishing value of the aggregate is determined.gilsonite In the experiment, it passed through a 10 mm BS sieve.
The aggregate remaining in the 10-14 mm flat sieve is used. Briquettes from these aggregates
It is prepared and exposed to accelerated wear in the polishing machine. Later on
The polishing value is measured with a friction tool.
Hard and rough aggregates (basalt, granite, etc.)gilsonite have a high polishing value. too hard
The polishing value is low in aggregates (such as limestone) with low roughness.
The roughness of the coating made with aggregates with high polishing value and accordingly
It has high slip resistance. However, resistance to shear also depends on gradation and mix type.
it depends.
3.2.6. ADHESION TEST WITH VİALİT METHOD (KTŞ Part 403 Annex-B)
The aim of the test is to determine the adhesion between the aggregate and the bituminous binder under the influence of water.
is the decrease.gilsonite The test is generally applied to stone chips to be used in surface coating.
makes.
3.2.7. PEEL STRENGTH TEST (KTŞ Part 403 Annex-A)
In the peeling test, the decrease in aggregate bitumen adhesion with the effect of water and temperature
determines. The amount of peeling depends on the type of aggregate used (such as limestone, basalt, etc.)
It depends on the connector type. Asphalt to be used in aggregates with low peel strength
By adding additives to the cement at the rate determined by the experiment,gilsonite the peel strength is increased.
is increased.
With the same aggregate, different origin, but in the same asphalt class (eg AC 60/70 pen)
The amount of peeling varies even when testing with field asphalt cements.
shows. Therefore,asiagilsonite every batch of bitumen binder arriving at the construction site during the application
A peeling test should be carried out with
If it is not necessary and if necessary, the ratio should be determined correctly.
3.2.8. FREE WEIGHT AND ABSORPTION TEST (ASTM C127, TS EN 1097-6)
The specific gravity of the aggregate is the weight of that aggregate in a unit volume, in the same volume and
It is the ratio of water at 250C to its weight.gilsonite Depending on the volume definition of the grain, three
has a specific gravity type
1-Apparent Specific Gravity (Gsa): The impermeable voids of the aggregate at a certain temperature.
the weight of the unit volume containing the air in the same temperature and the same volume of air removed
is the ratio of distilled water to its weight.
2- Volume Specific Gravity (Gsb):gilsonite At a certain temperature,asiagilsonite the aggregate is permeable and
the weight of the unit volume in the air, the same temperature and volume
its weight in air is equal to the weight of deaerated distilled water at the same temperature and in the same volume.
is the rate.

Gilsonite is a registered trademark of natural asphalt found only in the Uintah Basin, Utah; The unbranded mineral name is uintaite or uintahite. It is mined in underground shafts and resembles shiny black obsidian. It was discovered in the 1860s and first marketed twenty-five years later by Samuel H. Gilson as a lacquer, electrical insulator, and waterproofing compound. By 1888, Gilson had formed a company to mine this mine, but soon discovered he had found the vein in the Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation. Under great political pressure, Congress removed nearly 7,000 acres from the reservation on May 24, 1888, to allow mining to continue legally. Gilsonite mining became the first major trading establishment in the Uintah Basin, causing much of the early population growth. This unique mineral is used in more than 160 products, primarily dark printing inks and paints,asiagilsonite oil well drilling muds and cements, asphalt modifiers, foundry sand additives and a wide variety of chemical products. The trademark registered in 1921 is owned by the American Gilsonite Company.

PAVEMENT BASE: Under the leveling surface, in cuts or fills, the pavement
It is the layer that continues to a depth (25-85 cm) that can affect the bearing capacity.
The CBR (California Bearing Ratio) value of the base determines the thickness of the pavement layers.
is one of the most important factors.
3
GRADE SURFACE:gilsonite The road superstructure and the infrastructure on which the shoulders sit is the upper part of the ground.
is the surface.
SUBSTITUTE: A specific device placed on the base to carry the foundation layer.
It is a superstructure layer composed of material with physical properties.
FOUNDATION: A specific physical structure built on a subbase of a calculated thickness.
such as providing good drainage, reducing the effect of frost,gilsonite created with material with
asiagilsonite It is a superstructure layer with functions.
The main task of the foundation and sub-base is to distribute the loads applied to the surface within itself and
in this way, it is to prevent the formation of shear and settlement deformations on the base.
Three different foundation types are used on highways.
- Granular Base (GT)
- Plant-mix Basic (PMT)
- Cement Bonded Granular Base (ÇBGT)
COATING LAYER:gilsonite It is the top layer of the superstructure and generally;
-asphalt concrete (AB) or
-It is built as a surface coating.
Its main function is to carry traffic loads (for EU) to slip (with sufficient roughness), to
resisting the decomposing effects of erosion and climatic conditions, travel comfort and water
to provide insulation.
2-NAME OF BITUMINOUS COATINGS
Bituminous coatings depend on the purpose of use,gilsonite the traffic load of the road and the production methods.
are of many different types.
Bituminous coatings in general;
-Mixture type coatings (Bitumen Mixtures)
-Surface coatings
are divided into two classes. Apart from this classification,asiagilsonite depending on the type of asphalt used;
-cold coatings
-Hot coatings
can be divided into two classes. Liquid petroleum asphalts as a bituminous binder in cold pavements
or emulsion asphalts are used. It is heated up to 140o C-1700 C from hot coatings.
bituminous binders (bitumen, modified bitumen) are used.
Rhodium mix, used as a maintenance and repair material, is a cold mix and is on the road.
It is also possible to produce cold mixes in the plant.
2.1. Naming Bituminous Mixtures According to Gradation
Hot mix pavements depend on aggregate gradation and intended use in the mix.
aspect;
-Open Graded Mixtures,
-Discrete Gradation Mixtures,
-Intensive Gradation Mixtures,
-Mortar Type Mixtures, can be classified as.
In open-graded mixtures, the fine aggregate ratio is very low and the void percentage is high.

In batch-graded mixtures, the material is in excess between certain sieves, certain sieves
very little or no ranges.gilsonite Such mixtures form a rough surface.
Aggregate gradation in densely graded mixtures is designed to give low voids.
shows continuity. Surface roughness is low.
Fine material ratio is high in mortar type mixtures and coarse material is fine material-bitumen.
dispersed in the mixture. In these mixtures,asiagilsonite the void ratio is low and the roughness is low.gilsonite concrete and
Mastic asphalt is an example of such coatings that can be used on steel bridges.
can be given.
2.2. According to Gradation of Aggregates Used in Bituminous Coatings
Naming

MINERAL AGGREGATE: Sand, crushed gravel, unbroken gravel, crushed stone, slag,
hard and durable used in the construction of concrete, bituminous pavement,gilsonite foundation and sub-base, such as stone dust
Natural mineral compounds are called mineral aggregates.
COARSE AGGREGATE: Residue of aggregate mixtures on No.4 (4.75mm) sieve
is the part.
FINE AGGREGATE: No.4-No.200(4.75-0.075mm) sieves of aggregate mixtures
the remaining part.
MINERAL ELEMENTS: It is the aggregate, of which at least 65% passes the No.200 (0.075 mm) sieve.
GRADATION: The sizes of the aggregate particles in the aggregate mixtures are taken into account.
The grain size distribution,gilsonite expressed as a percentage of the total weight, is called gradation.
INTENSIVE (GOOD) GRADATION AGGREGATE: When used in bituminous mixtures
containing sufficient grain of all sizes from coarse to filament, giving low voids and high stability.
are aggregates.
DISCRETE GRADATION AGGREGATE: There is no or nothing to the intermediate size aggregate in its gradation.
They are aggregate mixtures containing very little.
OPEN GRADED AGGREGATE: Not containing elephants or fine grains, or
They are aggregate mixtures containing very little.
ONE-DIMENSIONAL (UNIFORM) AGGREGATE: Most of the particles are approximately the same size.
aggregate mixtures.
3. AGGREGATE USED IN BITUMINOUS COATINGS
3.1Aggregate Properties
In the selection of aggregates to be used in bituminous coatings, the manufacturability of the material,
cost and quality are taken into account.gilsonite Whether the aggregate is suitable or not, the following physical
determined by its characteristics.
- Maximum Grain Size and Gradation: Maximum grain size and gradation
It is determined by the layer to be used.
- Whether it is clean: Aggregates, plant wastes, soft materials, clay lumps
and should not contain foreign matter.
- Particle Shape: The shape of the aggregate affects the workability, compressibility and stability.
It is preferred to use angular, broken grains.

3.2.2. LOS ANGELES WEAR TEST (ASTM C131, AASHTO T96, TS EN 1097-2)
Los Angeles Abrasion test, in aggregate grains with impact and abrasion effect.
It detects the wear that occurs.
In this experiment, coarse aggregates with a grain size of less than 75 mm were determined by Los Angeles wear.
It has resistance to abrasion with the machine.
In the experiment, the machine,asiagilsonite which is in the form of a hollow cylinder with both ends closed, is filled with aggregates.
By putting metal abrasive spheres together, the machine is running at a certain speed, at a certain speed.
is run. As a result, the test results of the abraded material as a result of falling on the metal spheres.
The percent by weight, according to the material taken at the beginning, is given as the wear loss.
3.2.3 WEATHER RESISTANCE TEST (FROSTING TEST)
(AASHTO T104, TS EN 1367-1)
This test shows the freezing and thawing of aggregates under the influence of air for a long time.
It is an accelerated test used to measure resistance against in experiment
Na2SO4 and MgSO4 solutions can be used. The test is for the aggregate above 4.75 mm.
It is applied as the freeze-thaw period and the percentage of loss occurred at the end of these processes.
is calculated. The effect on the aggregate is approximately 500 freezing and thawing in nature.
corresponds to the event.
3.2.4 FLATNESS INDEX EXPERIMENT (BS 812)
Flat aggregates with a thickness less than 0.6 of its nominal size
It is a method based on identification. The flatness index of the aggregate samples
the weight of the flat grains separated using a stencil with apertures, the total sample
expressed as a percentage of its weight.
8
3.2.5 POLISHING TEST (TS EN 1097-8)
This test determines to what extent the aggregate is abraded by friction under traffic.
It is done to determine whether it will be polished. Conditions similar to road surface in the laboratory
The polishing value of the aggregate is determined.gilsonite In the experiment, it passed through a 10 mm BS sieve.
The aggregate remaining in the 10-14 mm flat sieve is used. Briquettes from these aggregates
It is prepared and exposed to accelerated wear in the polishing machine. Later on
The polishing value is measured with a friction tool.
Hard and rough aggregates (basalt, granite, etc.)gilsonite have a high polishing value. too hard
The polishing value is low in aggregates (such as limestone) with low roughness.
The roughness of the coating made with aggregates with high polishing value and accordingly
It has high slip resistance. However, resistance to shear also depends on gradation and mix type.
it depends.
3.2.6. ADHESION TEST WITH VİALİT METHOD (KTŞ Part 403 Annex-B)
The aim of the test is to determine the adhesion between the aggregate and the bituminous binder under the influence of water.
is the decrease.gilsonite The test is generally applied to stone chips to be used in surface coating.
makes.
3.2.7. PEEL STRENGTH TEST (KTŞ Part 403 Annex-A)
In the peeling test, the decrease in aggregate bitumen adhesion with the effect of water and temperature
determines. The amount of peeling depends on the type of aggregate used (such as limestone, basalt, etc.)
It depends on the connector type. Asphalt to be used in aggregates with low peel strength
By adding additives to the cement at the rate determined by the experiment,gilsonite the peel strength is increased.
is increased.
With the same aggregate, different origin, but in the same asphalt class (eg AC 60/70 pen)
The amount of peeling varies even when testing with field asphalt cements.
shows. Therefore,asiagilsonite every batch of bitumen binder arriving at the construction site during the application
A peeling test should be carried out with
If it is not necessary and if necessary, the ratio should be determined correctly.
3.2.8. FREE WEIGHT AND ABSORPTION TEST (ASTM C127, TS EN 1097-6)
The specific gravity of the aggregate is the weight of that aggregate in a unit volume, in the same volume and
It is the ratio of water at 250C to its weight.gilsonite Depending on the volume definition of the grain, three
has a specific gravity type
1-Apparent Specific Gravity (Gsa): The impermeable voids of the aggregate at a certain temperature.
the weight of the unit volume containing the air in the same temperature and the same volume of air removed
is the ratio of distilled water to its weight.
2- Volume Specific Gravity (Gsb):gilsonite At a certain temperature,asiagilsonite the aggregate is permeable and
the weight of the unit volume in the air, the same temperature and volume
its weight in air is equal to the weight of deaerated distilled water at the same temperature and in the same volume.
is the rate.